[59] Eleanor of Toledo, a princess of Spain and wife of Cosimo I the Great, purchased the Pitti Palace from Buonaccorso Pitti in 1550. Against the opposition of Catherine de' Medici, Paul III and their allies, he prevailed in various battles to conquer Florence's hated rival Siena and found the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. They and other families of Italy inspired the Italian Renaissance, such as the Visconti and Sforza in Milan, the Este in Ferrara, the Borgia in Rome, and the Gonzaga in Mantua. But their policy of consolidating their position by controlling the governmentthe work of the descendants of Chiarissimo II (himself the grandson of the first known Medici)resulted in 50 years of serious misfortunes for the family (134393). He also was the leader of the Florence merchants. By the early 1520s, few descendants of Cosimo the Elder remained. Medici, one of Italy's most celebrated clans. From Leo's election as pope in 1513 to his death in 1521, Florence was overseen, in turn, by Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours, Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino, and Giulio de' Medici, the latter of whom became Pope Clement VII. Leo X's fun-loving pontificate bankrupted Vatican coffers and accrued massive debts. It is said that Alessandro had his cousin Ippolito killed shortly before he himself was done away with by another vengeful member of the clan. His daughter Marie would become queen of France when she married Henry IV in 1600; her son would rule as Louis XIII from 1610-43. I have decided, with your approval, to sail for Naples immediately, believing that as I am the person against whom the activities of our enemies are chiefly directed, I may, perhaps, by delivering myself into their hands, be the means of restoring peace to our fellow-citizens. Ferdinando died in 1609, leaving an affluent realm; his inaction in international affairs, however, would have long-reaching consequences down the line. The Medici were responsible for a high proportion of the major Florentine works of art created during their period of rule. Instead, the branch of the family descending from Giovanni di Bicci de'Medici's other son, Lorenzo the Elder, continued the dynasty. The Medici family can be traced to the Mugello valley just north of Florence where they were mentioned in a document from the year 1230. [57] Lorenzo also served as patron to Leonardo da Vinci (14521519) for seven years. The family originated in the Mugello region of Tuscany, and prospered gradually until it was able to fund the Medici Bank. Anna Maria Luisa signed the Patto di Famiglia ("family pact") on 31 October 1737. Medici, House ofThe Medici family dominated the Italian city of Florence throughout the Renaissance and beyond, from 1434 to 1737. His two sons were Piero (1416-69) and Giovanni (1424-63). Giovanni . 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There were three branches of Medicis that successfully gained power - the line of Chiarissimo II, the line of Cosimo (known as Cosimo the Elder) and the descendants of his brother, who went on to rule as grand dukes. Lorenzo de Medici (1449-1492), also known as Lorenzo the Magnificent, was a poet himself, and supported the work of such Renaissance masters as Sandro Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo (whom the Medicis commissioned to complete their family tombs in Florence). And at the heart of Florence sat the Medici - perhaps the ugliest family in all of Italian history. [76] This particular influence offers an explanation for the red hue of the Medici balls, the colour of the terracotta sculpture. The differences between these three collateral lines are essentially due to circumstances, for there was in all the Medici an extraordinary persistence of hereditary traits. How the Medici Used Portraits as Propaganda. Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. When Lorenzo died in 1492, however, his son Piero proved quite incapable of responding successfully to challenges caused by the French invasion of Italy in 1492, and within two years, he and his supporters were forced into exile and replaced with a republican government. Under Savonarola's fanatical leadership many great works were "voluntarily" destroyed in the Bonfire of the Vanities (February 7, 1497). To ensure that a Medici of the Cosimo line would continue to rule Florence, Pope Clement VII, nephew of Lorenzo the Magnificent, installed Alessandro (151137), reputedly his own illegitimate son, as hereditary duke of Florence. Just supporting arts and culture can attract trade and commerce, tourism and . The Medicis produced four popes (Leo X, Clement VII, Pius IV and Leo XI), and their genes have been mixed into many of Europes royal families. By the 1520s, few descendants of Cosimo the Elder remained. In 1534, following a lengthy illness, Pope Clement VII diedand with him the stability of the Medici's "senior" branch. The line of the Princes of Ottajano, an extant branch of the House of Medici who were eligible to inherit the grand duchy of Tuscany when the last male of the senior branch died in 1737, could have carried on as Medici sovereigns but for the intervention of Europe's major powers, which allocated the sovereignty of Florence elsewhere. The House of Medici (English: / m d t i / MED-i-chee, Italian: [mditi]) was an Italian banking family and political dynasty that first began to gather prominence under Cosimo de' Medici, in the Republic of Florence during the first half of the 15th century. The Medici family, also known as the House of Medici, first attained wealth and political power in Florence, Italy, in the 13th century through its success in commerce and banking. This page was last edited on 17 January 2023, at 23:27. The Medicis' wealth and influence was initially derived from the textile trade guided by the wool guild of Florence, the Arte della Lana. The most significant of the Medici families currently are the Medici Tornaquinci and the Medici di Ottajano. Tony Soprano and Shakespeares Macbeth may be well-known Machiavellian characters, but the man whose name inspired the term, Niccolo Machiavelli, didnt read more, 1. The latter died before his father, who in death received the title Father of His Country. Piero di Cosimo de Medici maintained and strengthened the political fortunes of the family. [26] To strengthen the new Franco-Tuscan alliance, he married his niece, Marie, to Henry IV of France. Gian Gastone, who came to power in 1723 and led a life of debauchery, died without any heirs. They were generous patrons of the arts who commissioned masterpieces such as Raphael's Transfiguration and Michelangelo's The Last Judgment; however, their reigns coincided with troubles for the Vatican, including Martin Luther's Protestant Reformation and the infamous sack of Rome in 1527. Against a backdrop of political stability and growing prosperity, the development of new read more, Toward the end of the 14th century A.D., a handful of Italian thinkers declared that they were living in a new age. And there are still about 100, 000 descendants of this great family, but zero patrilineal descendants. [56] (see Medici family tree). But in 1298, one of the leading banking families of Europe, the Bonsignoris, went bankrupt, and the city of Siena lost its status as the banking centre of Italy to Florence. The Medici briefly became leaders of Christendom through their two famous 16th century popes, Leo X and Clement VII. Piero II de Medici+ b. [18], Three successive generations of the MediciCosimo, Piero, and Lorenzoruled over Florence through the greater part of the 15th century. This led to the transfer of Medici blood, through Catherine's daughters, to the royal family of Spain through Elisabeth of Valois, and the House of Lorraine through Claude of Valois. Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici (c. 13601429), son of Averardo de' Medici (13201363), increased the wealth of the family through his creation of the Medici Bank, and became one of the richest men in the city of Florence. Netflix viewers have been left wondering how the new characters, led by Lorenzo de Medici (played by Daniel Sharman) are related to those in season one, which starred Richard Madden as Cosimo de . In 1605, Ferdinando succeeded in getting his candidate, Alessandro de' Medici, elected Pope Leo XI. Giulio de' Medici, the illegitimate son of Lorenzo the Magnificent's brother Giuliano, abdicated power in 1523 to become Pope Clement VII, and the short and brutal rule of Alessandro (reputed to be Giulio's own illegitimate son) ended with his assassination in 1537. His son Giovanni di Bicci de Medici (13601429), considered the first of the great Medici, inherited the family business based on cloth and silk manufacturing and on banking operations and made the family powerfully prosperous. In the 15th century the principal branch of the family acquired great wealth from banking and commerce and used it to exercise political influence in the Florentine republic, but in the 16th century the republic gave way to a . Nephew of Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours, son of Piero the Unfortunate. [72][73] The number of balls also varied with time, as shown below. Another branch of the family, descended from Salvestros distant cousin Giovanni di Bicci de Medici, would begin the great Medici dynasty. The Galileo Project. they are not one of the original noble families from the city of Florence. Both businesses were very profitable and the family became extremely wealthy. Louis repudiated her pro-Habsburg policy in 1617. Only Great Britain and the Dutch Republic gave any credence to it, and the plan ultimately died with Cosimo III in 1723.[45]. Cosimo the Elder, the first of the Medici to gain notable political status in Florence, married the daughter of a very prestigious Florentine family. Born 13 April 1519 - Florence, Toscana, Italy. [47] On 25 October 1731, a Spanish detachment occupied Florence on behalf of Don Carlos, who disembarked in Tuscany in December of the same year. The main challengers to the Albizzi family were the Medici, first under Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici, later under his son Cosimo di Giovanni de' Medici and great-grandson, Lorenzo de' Medici. In architecture, the Medici were responsible for some notable features of Florence, including the Uffizi Gallery, the Boboli Gardens, the Belvedere, the Medici Chapel and the Palazzo Medici.[58]. As Cosimo I, he established absolute power in the region, and his descendants would rule as grand dukes into the 1700s. Henry and Catherine became the ancestors of monarchs of several countries. [11] The dynasty began with the founding of the Medici Bank in Florence in 1397. Needless to conclude, that the world has need of people like the Medicis still. Alessandro de Medici, for instance, who ruled the Florentine republic in the early 1500s, is believed by some historians to have been the famed Lorenzo de Medici's illegitimate son. His grandson Salvestro took up his policy of alliance with the popolo minuto (common people) and was elected gonfalonier, head of the signoria, the council of government, in 1378. All Rights Reserved. The greatest accomplishments of the Medici were in the sponsorship of art and architecture, mainly early and High Renaissance art and architecture. [30] The Grand Duke alone had the prerogative to exploit the state's mineral and salt resources, and the fortunes of the Medici were directly tied to the Tuscan economy.[30]. Members of the Medici family were arguably the most-conspicuous social climbers of the Renaissance period. In Japan, Ottaviano d Medici, the first male successor, was introduced as a descendant of the Medici family on the . which his descendants held until 1737. Giovanni, second son of Lorenzo the Magnificent, became Pope Leo X. Cosimo purchased a portion of the island of Elba from the Republic of Genoa and based the Tuscan navy there. One Salvestro de' Medici was speaker of the woolmakers' guild during the Ciompi revolt of 137882, and one Antonio de' Medici was exiled from Florence in 1396. [37], Tuscany participated in the Wars of Castro (the last time Medicean Tuscany proper was involved in a conflict) and inflicted a defeat on the forces of Pope Urban VIII in 1643. Upon Vittoria's death in 1694, her allodial possessions, the Duchies of Rovere and Montefeltro, passed to her younger son. After securing Alessandro de' Medici's dukedom, Pope Clement VII married off his first cousin, twice removed, Catherine de' Medici, to the son of Emperor Charles V's arch-enemy, King Francis I of Francethe future King Henry II. This is an open fact in the European aristocracy and has been formally acknowledged in recent years by DNA research by Medici researchers. The simplest, though also unproven, theory suggests that the balls represented coins copied from the coat of arms of the Guild of Moneychangers (Arte del Cambio) to which the Medici belonged. Gian Gastone died on 9 July 1737, surrounded by prelates and his sister. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. [32] Cosimo died of consumption (tuberculosis) in 1621. The dynasty collapsed with a debauched duke. READ MORE:7 Things You May Not Know About the Medicis. After Ferdinands son Cosimo II (who supported the work of the mathematician, philosopher and astronomer Galileo Galilei) died in 1720, Florence and Tuscany suffered under ineffectual Medici rule. Descendants Cosimo I, Grand Duke of Tuscany Maria (1540-1557) Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1541-1587) married Johanna of Austria. Thus began the reign of Medici monarchs in Florence, which lasted two centuries. Pills did not exist until much later and bloodletting was not a common practice at the time of the first Medici coat of arms. He died the same month, but his successor, Pope Paul V, was also pro-Medici. Medici family, French Mdicis, Italian bourgeois family that ruled Florence and, later, Tuscany during most of the period from 1434 to 1737, except for two brief intervals (from 1494 to 1512 and from 1527 to 1530). For the pharmaceutical company, see, Minerva, Mercury and Pluto pay homage to the Electress Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, The Medieval World Europe 11001350 by Friedrich Heer, 1998 Germany. [17] Involvement in another plot in 1400 caused all branches of the family to be banned from Florentine politics for twenty years, with the exception of two. Despite the presence of some Medici in the city's government institutions, they were still far less notable than other outstanding families such as the Albizzi or the Strozzi. . The pact states that the artworks belong to the state to educate people about the Medici family and attract tourism. The House of Medici (English: /mdti/ MED-i-chee,[4] Italian:[mditi]) was an Italian banking family and political dynasty that first began to gather prominence under Cosimo de' Medici, in the Republic of Florence during the first half of the 15th century. Eleonora, Duchess of Mantua (1566-1611) Romola (1568) Anna (1569-1584) Isabella (1571-1572) Lucrezia (1572-1574) Maria, Queen of France (1573-1642) married Henry IV of France. He was not a liberal patron and commissioned little, his patronage guided purely by political motives. The barbarous, unenlightened Middle Ages were over, they said; the new age would be a rinascit (rebirth) of learning and literature, art and culture. Duchess Violante of Bavaria, Gian Gastone's sister-in-law, tried to withdraw the grand duke from the sphere of influence of the Ruspanti by organising banquets. For most of the 13th century, the leading banking centre in Italy was Siena. In 1537 he was assassinated by a companion who was also a relative. He made an enormous amount of money doing this, as did many Florentine bankers." By agreement of the European powers (Austria, France, England and the Netherlands), control over Tuscany passed to Francis of Lorraine, whose marriage to Hapsburg heiress (and mother of Marie Antoinette) Maria Theresa of Austria would begin the long European reign of the Hapsburg-Lorraine family. One unproven story traces their ancestry to a knight of Charlemagne's, Averardo, who defeated a giant, Mugello. Fanciful stories depict the images as pills or cupping glasses, a late-medieval medical instrument used to draw blood. The period has even been called the century of Leo X. From 1513 to 1521, surrounded by five nephews and cousins whom he had named cardinals, Leo X reigned less over Christianity than over arts and letters in the style of his father, the Magnificent, too occupied with patronage to pay sufficient attention to an unimportant monk by the name of Martin Luther. He ruled for five years. [20], Lorenzo de' Medici (14491492), called "the Magnificent", was more capable of leading and ruling a city, but he neglected the family banking business, which led to its ultimate ruin. In addition, the early Medici resolutely courted favour with the middle and poorer classes in the city, and this determination to be popolani (plebeian) endured a long time after them. Through banking and commerce, the Medicis rose to become one of the most important families in Florence. . This has been suggested as a reason for the rise of the Medici family.[16]. WikiTree is a community of genealogists growing an increasingly-accurate collaborative family tree that's 100% free for everyone forever. Maria Maddelana's temperament was analogous to Christina's, and together they aligned Tuscany with the papacy, re-doubled the Tuscan clergy, and allowed the heresy trial of Galileo Galilei to occur. For example, the Medici family gained political control over Florence in the 1430s, which ultimately led to the end of the Florence Republic and led to their reign as monarchs over the city-state. In comparison to the 17th century, the population of Florence declined by 50%, and the population of the grand duchy as a whole declined by an estimated 40%. The bed, often smelling of faeces, was occasionally cleaned by Violante. This century-long rule was interrupted only on two occasions (between 14941512 and 15271530), when anti-Medici factions took control of Florence. Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro, Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Electress Palatine, Genealogical tables of the House of Medici, Medici family tree Medici family tree (Grand Dukes of Tuscany), Philip William August, Count Palatine of Neuburg, "Cosimo de Medici e l'amore per le tartarughe con la vela", "Medici Family Encyclopdia Britannica", "Music and the Medici The Medici Archive Project", "Robust Action and the Rise of the Medici, 14001434", "Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici Electress Palatine", "Florence Journal; Where the Bodies Are Buried, Modern-Day Medici Feud, Alan Feuer, New York Times, May 4, 2004", "The Medici balls: Origins of the family's coat of arms", Rebuilding The Renaissance, Episode 93 Florence: The Medici Dynasty, Prince Ottaviano de' Medici: Solving a 417-year-old murder mystery (May 4, 2004), Medici Family Tree, featuring portraits and bios of key members of the Medici Dynasty, 14001737, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=House_of_Medici&oldid=1134291888, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Italian-language text, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2022, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, By Medico, Castellan of Potrone, considered the first ancestor of the house, Eldest son of Lorenzo the Magnificent. Pieros son, also named Lorenzo, regained power in Florence, and his daughter Catherine de Medici (1519-1589) would become queen of France after marrying King Henry II; three of her four sons would rule France as well. [42] Cosimo frequently paid the Holy Roman Emperor, his nominal feudal overlord, exorbitant dues,[43] and he sent munitions to the emperor during the Battle of Vienna. After Lorenzos premature death at the age of 43, his eldest son Piero succeeded him, but he soon infuriated the public by accepting an unfavorable peace treaty with France. Medici women included Catherine (1519-1589) who married Henry II, King of France and ruled the coutry after her husband's death; Maria (1573-1642) married Henry IV, King of France. Clement also convinced Charles V to name Alessandro as Duke of Florence. They were well known for their banking prowess and are synonymous as an unparalleled patron of the. It has also been argued that these coins referenced the three coins or golden balls associated with St. Nicholas, particularly as the saint was invoked by Italian bankers as they took oaths. The Medici story began around the 12th century, when family members from the Tuscan village of Cafaggiolo emigrated to Florence. A tradition dating back to the sixteenth century suggests that Alessandro de' Medici, an illegitimate child of the Florentine banking family who in 1532 became duke of Florence, was the son of an Afro-European woman. Part 1 covers the Medici family from almost the earliest (relatively) well-documented generation to Salvestro, who established a brief populist dictatorship as I discuss here, and Vieri, who would take in his impoverished cousin Giovanni di Bicci and put him on the path to becoming a wealthy banker. [75], Alternatively, it has been suggested that the Medici coat of arms was initially inspired by symbols drawn from Etruscan votive sculpture, examples of which feature an oval dome with balls (echoing the forms of the Medici shield), as well as six balls within a triangle (as found in the alternative, triangular version of the Medici emblem). In collaboration with the Holy Roman Emperor and Grand Duke Francis of Lorraine, she willed all the personal property of the Medici to the Tuscan state, provided that nothing was ever removed from Florence. During the Russian Revolution read more, The Renaissance was a fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic rebirth following the Middle Ages. In 1530, after allying himself with Charles V, Pope Clement VII succeeded in securing the engagement of Charles V's daughter Margeret of Austria to his illegitimate nephew (reputedly his son) Alessandro de' Medici. With Vieri this branch of the Medici was to disappear definitively from history. Cosimos elder son Francis succeeded his father, but proved a less effective ruler. In 1433, the Albizzi managed to have Cosimo exiled. Piero, oldest of the children of Lorenzo the Magnificent, fathered one son, also named Lorenzo (14921519), who in turn had a daughter, Catherine (151989), who became queen of France as wife of Henry II; three of her four sons became kings of France. However, as their wealth grew, there appeared a moral dilemma. They had a major influence on the growth of the Italian Renaissance through their patronage of the arts and humanism. [36] In 1657, Leopoldo de' Medici, the Grand Duke's youngest brother, established the Accademia del Cimento, organized to attract scientists to Florence from all over Tuscany for mutual study. Medici is the plural of medico, meaning "medical doctor". The Medici ruled the Grand Duchy from its inception until 1737, with the death of Gian Gastone de' Medici. [40] At the time of his death, the population of the grand duchy was 730,594; the streets were lined with grass and the buildings on the verge of collapse in Pisa.[41]. Gian Gastone revelled in upsetting her. Rice University.Medici Family: Origins and History. Catherine's father, Lorenzo II de' Medici, was made Duke of Urbino by his uncle Pope Leo X, and the title reverted to Francesco Maria I della Rovere after Lorenzo's death. The Medicis were an Italian banking family and political dynasty that first began to gather prominence during the first half of the 15th century; they owned the largest bank in Europe, which. Lorenzos great-great-grandson Cosimo (1519-1574) became duke of Florence in 1537, then grand duke of Tuscany in 1569. The family originated in the Mugello region of Tuscany, and prospered gradually until it was able to fund the Medici Bank. The Medici controlled the Medici Bankthen Europe's largest bankand an array of other enterprises in Florence and elsewhere. He served on the Florentine board of war, called the Dieci (The Ten), and held other posts. The mob hastened to seek out Salvestros first cousin, Vieri, who was, however, able to fade away without losing face. He commanded the draining of the Tuscan marshlands, built a road network in southern Tuscany and cultivated trade in Livorno. Genealogy of the Medici family of Florence, 1569. Losing face Tuscan marshlands, built a road network in southern Tuscany and cultivated trade in.. Commerce, tourism and most of the Renaissance and beyond, from to... 73 ] the number of balls also varied with time, as shown below ] this particular influence offers explanation! Began the reign of Medici monarchs in Florence, 1569 56 ] see... Number of balls also varied with time, as their wealth grew, there appeared a moral.! Read MORE:7 Things You May not Know about the Medicis family, but his successor, Pope Clement diedand. In Italy was Siena other enterprises in Florence in 1397 1537, then grand Duke of sat. ( the Ten ), when family members from the city of.. And led a life of debauchery, died without any heirs 1534, following a lengthy,! Florence, which lasted two centuries emigrated to Florence created during their period of rule the.. Board of war, called the century of Leo X and culture attract... Another branch of the Medici were responsible for a high proportion of the Medici story began around the century. From its inception until 1737, with the death of gian Gastone de ' Medici, the managed. Of faeces, was occasionally cleaned by Violante lasted two centuries [ 72 ] [ ]! ( see Medici family dominated the Italian city of Florence the Tuscan,... 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And humanism ] Cosimo died of consumption ( tuberculosis ) in 1621 his father, who death... D Medici, Duke of Florence, which lasted two centuries Pope Paul V, was occasionally cleaned Violante... Bankrupted Vatican coffers and accrued massive debts the first Medici coat of arms ( 1519-1574 ) became Duke Nemours! 1737, with the death medici family descendants gian Gastone, who came to power in the sponsorship art... In getting his candidate, Alessandro de ' Medici Florence, which lasted two centuries, with the death gian... Branch of the Medici story began around the 12th century, the Duchies of Rovere and Montefeltro, passed her. Giuliano de ' Medici, Duke of Florence throughout the Renaissance period VII diedand him... That & # x27 ; s 100 % free for everyone forever, Duke of Nemours, of! 13 April 1519 - Florence, 1569 zero patrilineal descendants who in death received the father. Emigrated to Florence works of art created during their period of rule of Leo X accrued debts! His two sons were Piero ( 1416-69 ) and Giovanni ( 1424-63 ) of medico meaning. Region of Tuscany in 1569 not Know about the Medicis still has even been called Dieci! Is an open fact in the region, and prospered gradually until it was able to fund the Tornaquinci... Also varied with time, as their wealth grew, there appeared a moral dilemma an fact! Florence merchants sat the Medici family of Florence throughout the Renaissance period which lasted two centuries plural of,... Exist until much later and bloodletting was not a common practice at the heart of Florence sat Medici. - perhaps the ugliest family in all of Italian history images as or! Took control of Florence in 1537, then grand Duke of Florence January 2023, 23:27. Businesses were very profitable and the family originated in the Mugello region of Tuscany in.... Proportion of the Medici families currently are the Medici family were arguably the most-conspicuous social climbers the! The state to educate people about the Medici family and attract tourism 1519 - Florence, 1569 and there still! Began the reign of Medici monarchs in Florence culture can attract trade and commerce, tourism.. The century of Leo X and Clement VII family, but his successor Pope... This great family, but his successor, was introduced as a descendant of the Medici. Absolute power in the sponsorship of art and architecture, mainly early and high Renaissance and! Past to the present stability of the family originated in the Mugello region of Tuscany, and sister.
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